Mine Reforestation
Research on mine reforestation during reclamation operations has been conducted by Dr. James Burger, Virginia Tech Department of Forestry, since the Powell River Project's beginning in 1980. During the 1980s, the focus of that research was softwood timber, especially eastern Eastern white pine; in the early 1990s, Dr. Burger switched his focus to native hardwoods.
When the research began in 1980, the researcher's bias was that mined areas are "moonscapes" where it would be a challenge to get anything to grow -- that is why they started with pines. They soon learned, however, that this initial bias was in error, that mined areas have the potential to be highly productive forests.
With this fact in mind, they established 3 goals for the Powell River Project reforestation research program:
1. Bigger trees -- a resource for land owners, the environment, and the community.
2. Reduced reclamation costs -- this is a key to utilization of research results by the mine operator.
3. Regulatory compliance -- the mining operator must comply with SMCRA and the state regulatory program.
With funding and cooperation provided by Powell River Project, the coal industry, and federal agencies such as US Office of Surface Mining and US Department of Energy, Dr. Burger and his colleagues have conducted an extensive research program that is focused on meeting these three goals. This research program has produced M.S. and Ph.D. graduates, research articles in scientific journals, and practical recommendations on reforestation for use by the coal industry.
A primary finding of Dr. Burger’s
research is that mining can produce lands that will support high-quality and
productive forests when appropriate reclamation techniques are utilized.
Research by Dr. Burger and colleagues at other universities has resulted in the
development of a new reclamation method, called the “Forestry Reclamation Approach,” which is
now being used widely by the coal industry in Virginia and other states.
Virginia Tech
forester James Burger on a coal mine site that was reclaimed using the Forestry
Reclamation Approach.
Outreach Publications – Powell River
Project
How to Restore Forests on Surface-Mined Land .J.A. Burger and C.E. Zipper. Publication 460-123.
Establishing Ground Cover for Forested Post-Mining Land Uses. J.A. Burger, C. Zipper, J. Skousen. Publication 460-124.
Restoring the Value of Forests on Reclaimed Mined Land. J.A. Burger and C. Zipper. Publication 460-138.
Recovery of Native Plant Communities after Mining. K. Holl, C.E. Zipper, and J.A. Burger. Publication 460-140.
Mine Permitting to Establish Productive Forests as Post-Mining Land Uses. J.A. Burger and C.E. Zipper. Publication 460-141.
Outreach Publications – Appalachian
Regional Reforestation Initiative
The Appalachian Regional Reforestation Inititiative. P. Angel, V. Davis, J. Burger, D. Graves, C. Zipper. Appalachian Regional Reforestion Initiiative, Forest Reclamation Advisory Number 1.
The Forestry Reclamation Approach. J. Burger, D. Graves, P. Angel, V. Davis, C. Zipper. Appalachian Regional Reforestion Initiiative, Forest Reclamation Advisory Number 2.
Low Compaction Grading to Enhance Reforestation Success on Coal Surface Mines. R. Sweigard, J. Burger, C. Zipper, J. Skousen, C. Barton, P. Angel. Appalachian Regional Reforestion Initiiative, Forest Reclamation Advisory Number 3.
Loosening Compacted Soils on Mined Sites. R. Sweigard, J. Burger, D. Graves, C. Zipper, C. Barton, J. Skousen, P. Angel. Appalachian Regional Reforestion Initiiative, Forest Reclamation Advisory Number 4.
Mine Reclamation
Practices to Enhance Forest Development Through Natural Succession. J. Groninger, J. Skousen,
P. Angel, C. Barton, J. Burger, C. Zipper. Appalachian
Regional Reforestion Initiiative, Forest Reclamation Advisory Number 5.
Chris
Fields-Johnson on a reforested mine site, that is in its 6th growing
season.
Research Publications
Angel, P., J.A.
Burger, V.M. Davis, C.D. Barton, M. Bower, S.D. Eggerud, P. Rothman. 2009. The
Forestry Reclamation Approach and the Measure of its Success in Appalachia.
p. 18-36, in: 26th: National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and
Reclamation.
Burger, J.A., A.G.
Fannon. 2009. Capability of Reclaimed
Mined Land for Supporting Reforestation with Seven Appalachian Hardwood
Species. p. 176-191, in: 26th: National Meeting of the American Society of
Mining and Reclamation.
Fields-Johnson, C.,
C. E. Zipper, J.A. Burger, and D. M. Evans. 2009. First Year Response of Mixed
Hardwoods and Improved American Chestnuts to Compaction and Hydroseed
Treatments on Reclaimed Mine Land. p. 413-431, in: 26th: National Meeting
of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation.
Amichev, B. Y., J. A. Burger, and J. A.
Rodrigue. 2008. Carbon sequestration by forests and soils on mined land in the
Midwestern and Appalachian coalfields of the U. S. Forest Ecology and
Management 256:1949-1959.
Showalter, J. M., and J. A. Burger. 2009.
Hardwood seedling growth on different mine soil types with and without topsoil
inoculation. Journal of Environmental Quality (Accepted for publication).
Burger J., D. Mitchem, C. Zipper, R.
Williams. 2008. Native Hardwood
Reforestation After Five Years for Phase III Bond Release. in: Proc., 25th
Annual Meeting, American Society of Mining and Reclamation.
Fields-Johnson C., T. Fox, J. Burger, C.
Zipper. 2008. Fourth-year Tree
Response to Three Levels of Silvicultural Input on Mined Land. in: Proc.,
25th Annual Meeting, American Society of Mining and Reclamation.
Amichev, B.Y. April 2007. Biogeochemistry of carbon on mined landscapes. Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Forestry, Virginia Tech. 345 p.
Burger, J.A., D. Mitchem, and W.L. Daniels. 2007. Red Oak Seedling Response to Different Topsoil Substitutes After Five Years. P. 132-142, in: Proc., 24th Annual Meeting, American Society of Mining and Reclamation. Gillette WY.
Casselman, C. N., T. R. Fox, and J. A. Burger. 2007. Thinning response of a white pine stand on a reclaimed surface mine in southwest Virginia. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 24(1): 9-13.
Showalter, J. M., J. A. Burger, C. E. Zipper, J. M. Galbraith and P. Donovan. 2007. Physical, chemical, and biological mine soil properties influence white oak seedling growth. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 31:99-107.
Zipper, C., J.A. Burger, J.M. McGrath, and B. Amichev. 2007. Carbon Accumulation Potentials of Post-SMCRA Coal-Mined Lands. p. 962-980, in: Proc., 24th Annual Meeting, American Society of Mining and Reclamation. Gillette WY.
Amichev, B. Y., and J. A. Burger. 2006. Carbon sequestration on Mined land supporting grasslands: Soil organic carbon accumulation and distribution. p. 12-29. In: R. I. Barnhiesel (ed.). Proc., 23th Annual Meeting, American Society of Mining and Reclamation. Lexington, KY.
Casselman, C., T. Fox, J. Burger. 2006. First-year survival and growth of three species assemblages planted on reclaimed mine land as affected by three levels of silvicultural intensity. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-92. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. pp. 200-206.
Showalter, J. M., J. A. Burger. 2006. Growth of three Appalachian hardwood species in different mine spoil types with and without topsoil inoculation. p. 1976-2000. In: R. I. Barnhiesel (ed.). Proc., 23th Annual Meeting, American Society of Mining and Reclamation. Lexington, KY.
Auch, W. T., J. A. Burger, and D. O. Mitchem.
2005. Hardwood stocking after five
years on reclaimed mined land in the
Burger, J.A., Beyhan Amichev,
Ted Auch, Julia Showalter, and David Mitchem. Reforestation of Mined Land for
Productive Land Uses and Environmental Quality. In: 2005 Powell River
Project Research and Progress Reports.
Burger J.A., D. O. Mitchem, C. E. Zipper, and R. Williams. 2005. Herbaceous ground cover effects on
native hardwoods planted on mined land. In: R. I. Barnhisel (ed.).
Proc., 22nd Meeting, American Society. for Mining and Reclamation. June 18-24,
2005, Breckenridge, CO. ASMR,
Casselman, T.C. N., T. R. Fox, J. A. Burger, and
A. T. Jones. First-year seedling
response to three levels of silvicultural input on post-SMCRA reclaimed lands.
In: R. I. Barnhisel (ed.). Proc., 22nd Meeting, American Society. for
Mining and Reclamation. June 18-24, 2005, Breckenridge, CO. ASMR,
Jones, A. T., J. M. Galbraith, and J. A.
Burger. 2005. Development of a forest
site quality classification model for mine soils in the Appalachian Coalfield
Region. In: R. I. Barnhisel (ed.). Proc., 22nd Meeting, American
Society. for Mining and Reclamation. June 18-24, 2005, Breckenridge, CO. ASMR,
Showalter, J.M., J. A. Burger, C. E.
Zipper, and J. Galbraith, 2005. Influence
of physical, chemical, and biological mine soil properties on white oak growth.
In: R. I. Barnhisel (ed.). Proc., 22nd Meeting, American Society. for
Mining and Reclamation. June 18-24, 2005, Breckenridge, CO. ASMR,
Showalter, J. M. 2005. Evaluation of topsoil substitutes for hardwood
reforestation of mined land. M.S. Thesis, Department of Forestry.
Burger, J., Beyhan Amichev, Ted Auch, Julia Showalter and David Mitchem. 2004. Reforestation of mined land for
productive land uses and environmental quality: Progress Report 2003-2004. In:
2004 Powell River Project Research and Progress Reports.
Rodrigue, J A., and J. A. Burger. 2004. Forest soil productivity of mined land in the midwestern and eastern coalfield regions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68: 833-844.
Aggett, J., J. Sullivan, G. Amacher, and J. A. Burger. 2004. Financial cost to landowners associated with forestland conversion to non-productive uses in the process of surface mining. p. 9-19. In: R. I. Barnhisel (ed.). Proceedings,, 21st Meeting, American Society for Mining and Reclamation, and 25th West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium.
Amichev, B, J. A. Burger, and J. A. Rodrigue.
2004. Carbon sequestration by
forests and soils on mined land in the Midwestern and Appalachian coalfields:
Preliminary results. p. 20-46. In: R. I. Barnhisel (ed.). Proceedings,,
21st Meeting, American Society for Mining and Reclamation, and 25th West
Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium.
Auch, W. E., J. A. Burger, and D. O. Mitchem. 2004. Influence of site factors on the
survival and growth of early- and late-successional Appalachian hardwoods on
reclaimed mined land. p. 93-104. In: R. I. Barnhisel (ed.).
Proceedings,, 21st Meeting, American Society for Mining and Reclamation, and
25th West Virginia Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium.
Burger, J.A. 2004. Restoring
forests on mined land in the Appalachians: Results and outcomes of a 20-year
research program. p. 260, In: R. I. Barnhisel (ed.). Proceedings,, 21st
Meeting, American Society for Mining and Reclamation, and 25th West Virginia
Surface Mine Drainage Task Force Symposium.
Burger, J., Ted Auch, Julia Showalter and David Mitchem. 2003. Reforestation of mined land for productive land uses and environmental quality: Progress Report 2002-2003. In: 2003 Powell River Project Research and Progress Reports.
Burger, J.A. , W. Auch, R. Oderwald, and M. Eisenbies. 2003. White pine growth and yield on a mined site in Virginia: Response to thinning and pruning. P. 96-102, in: Proceedings, 20th National Meeting of the American Society for Mining and Reclamation.
Burger, J.A. 2002. Achieving forestry
goals on mined land: Mine site conditions, species composition, and stand
development of economically viable hardwoods forests. Paper 2-6, in: K.
Vories (ed.). Proceedings, Market-Based Approaches to Mined Land Reclamation
and Reforestation: A Technical Interactive Forum. U.S. Office of Surface
Mining, Mid-Continent Region.
http://www.mcrcc.osmre.gov/PDF/Forums/MarketBasedReforest/TOC.pdf
Burger, J.A., D.O. Mitchem, and D.A. Scott. 2002. Field assessment of mine site quality for establishing hardwoods in the Appalachians . p. 226-240, in: Proceedings, 2002 National Meeting of the American Society for Mining and Reclamation. Lexington, KY.
Rodrigue, J.A., and J.A. Burger, 2002. Forest
productivity and values of pre-SMCRA mined land. Paper 3-1, in: K. Vories
(ed.). Proceedings, Market-Based Approaches to Mined Land Reclamation and
Reforestation: A Technical Interactive Forum. U.S. Office of Surface Mining,
Mid-Continent Region.
http://www.mcrcc.osmre.gov/PDF/Forums/MarketBasedReforest/TOC.pdf
Rodrigue, J.A., J.A. Burger, and R.G. Oderwald. 2002 Forest productivity and commercial value of pre-law reclaimed mined land in the eastern United States. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19 (3): 106-114, 23 ref.
Bendfeldt, E. S., J. A. Burger, and W. L. Daniels. 2001. Quality of amended soils after 16 years. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65: 1736-1744.
Rodigue, J.A. 2001. Woody Species Diversity, Forest and Site Productivity, Stumpage Value, and Carbon Sequestration of Forests on Mined Lands Reclaimed Prior to the Passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. M.S. Thesis, Department of Forestry. 299 pages.
Burger, J.A., J. Torbert, S. Schoenholtz, and R. Kreh. 2000. Performance of three pine species after eleven years on pre- and post-law mined sites in Virginia. p. 226-230, In: Proceedings, 2000 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation. Tampa, FL.
Rodrigue, Jason, and J.A. Burger. 2000. Forest productivity and woody species diversity on pre-SMCRA mined land. p. 205-224, in: Proceedings, National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation.
Torbert, J.L., and J.A. Burger. 2000. Forest Land Reclamation. Chapter 14, in: R. Barnhisle, W.L. Daniels, and R. Darmody (eds). Reclamation of Drastically Lands. American Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI.
Torbert, J.L., S.H. Schoenholtz, J.A. Burger, and R.E. Kreh. 2000. Growth of three pine species on pre- and post-SMCRA land in Virginia. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 17(3):95-99.
Bendfeldt, E. S., J. A. Burger, W. L. Daniels, and C. M. Feldhake. 1999. Dynamics and characterization of soil organic matter in mine soils sixteen years after amendment with native soil, sawdust, and sludge. p. 225-235, in: Proceedings, 1999 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation. Scottsdale, AZ.
Bendfeldt, E. S. 1999. Dynamics and characterization of soil organic matter in mine soils 16 years after amendment with topsoil, sawdust, and sewage sludge. M.S. Thesis (Forestry), Virginia Tech. 134p.
Burger, J. A. 1999. Academic research perspective on experiences, trends, constraints, and needs related to reforestation of mined land. p. 63-74, in: K. Vories (ed.) Reforestation of Mined Land. U.S. Office of Surface Mining. Washington, DC. http://www.mcrcc.osmre.gov/tree/Forum.htm
Burger, J. A. and J. L. Torbert. 1999. Status of reforestation technology: The Appalachian region. p. 95-108, in: K. Vories (ed.) Reforestation of Mined Land. U.S. Office of Surface Mining. Washington, DC. http://www.mcrcc.osmre.gov/tree/Forum.htm
Andrews, J.A., J.E. Johnson, J.L. Torbert, J.A. Burger, and D.L. Kelting. 1998. Minesoil properties associated with early height growth of eastern white pine. Journal of Environmental Quality 27:192-198.
Burger, James, and W. Maxey. 1998. Maximizing the Value of Forests on Reclaimed Mined Land. Greenlands, Spring 1998. P. 37-45.
Burger, J.A., Dan Kelting, and C. Zipper. 1998. Maximizing the Value of Forests on Reclaimed Mined Land. Virginia Cooperative Extension publication 460-138.
Ambrose, Dan. 1997. Mine soil fertility effects on white pine productivity. Undergraduate Honors Thesis, Forestry.
Kelting, D.L., C.M. Siegal, and J.A. Burger. 1997. Value of commercial forestry as a post-mining land use. p. 344-348, in: Brandt, J.E. (ed). Proceedings of the 1997 Annual Meeting, American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation. Austin, Texas. May 10-15.
Faulconer, R. D. 1996. Organic amendment effects on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in an Appalachian minesoil. M.S. Thesis, Forestry.
Faulconer, R.D., J. Burger, S. Schoenholtz, and R. Kreh. 1996. Organic amendment effects on nitrogen and carbon mineralization in an Appalachian minesoil. p. 613-620. In: Proceedings, 13th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation.
Torbert, J.L., and J. Burger. 1996. Influence of grading intensity on herbaceous ground cover, erosion, and tree establishment in the southern Appalachians. p. 637-646, in: Proceedings, 13th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation..
Torbert, John L. 1995. Reclamation of surface-mined forest land in the Southern Appalachians. Ph.D. Dissertation. Forestry.
Torbert, J.L., S. Brown, and J. Burger. 1995. Interplanting of loblolly pine with nitrogen-fixing nurse trees on a reclaimed surface mine in Virginia. p. 136-140, in: Proceedings, 12th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation..
Torbert, J.L., J. Burger, and T. Probert. 1995. Evaluation of techniques to improve white pine establishment on Appalachian minesoils . Journal of Environmental Quality. 24:869-873.
Burger. J.A., J.E. Johnson, J.A. Andrews, and J.L. Torbert. 1994. Measuring mine soil productivity for forests. p.48-56, in: Proceedings, 1994 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation.
Johnson, J.E., J.L. Torbert, and J.A. Burger. 1994. Reclaiming surface-mined forest land. Land and Water 38 (May-June): 24-27.
Torbert, J.L., and J.A. Burger. 1994. Influence of grading intensity on ground cover establishment, erosion, and tree establishment on steep slopes. p. 226-231, in: Proceedings, 1994 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation..
Torbert, J.L. , J.A. Burger, and J.E. Johnson. 1994. Commercial forestry as a post-mining land use. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 460-136.
Torbert, J. and J. A. Burger. 1993. Commercial Forest Land as a Postmining Land-Use: A Win-Win-Win Opportunity for Coal Operators, Landowners, and Society in the Central Appalachians. Proceedings, 1993 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation, pp. 732-740.
Andrews, Jeffrey A. 1992. Soil Productivity Model to Assess Forest Site Quality on Reclaimed Surface Mines. M.S. Thesis, Forestry.
Andrews, J.A., J.L. Torbert, J.E. Johnson, and J.A. Burger. 1992. Effects of minesoil properties on your white pine (pinus strobus) height growth. p. 119-129, In: Proceedings, 1992 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation.
Burger, J.A., and J.L. Torbert. 1992. Restoring forests on surface mined lands: Results of a 10 year study. Virginia Forests 48(1):9-12.
Burger, J.A, and J.L. Torbert. 1992. Restoring Forests on Surface-Mined Land. Virginia Cooperative Extension publication 460-123.
Torbert, J.L., and J.A. Burger. 1992. Influence of grading intensity on ground cover establishment, erosion, and tree establishment . p. 579-586, In: Proceedings, 1992 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation..
Torbert, J.L., J.E. Johnson, and J.A. Burger. 1992. Better reclamation with trees - A videotape. p 158-159, In: Proceedings, 1992 National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation..
Schoenholtz, Steven H., J.A. Burger, and R.E. Kreh. 1992. Fertilizer and organic amendments effects on mine soil properties and revegetation success. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56:1177-1184.
Torbert, John, and Jim Johnson, and Jim Burger. 1991. Improved Reclamation with Trees. 23 minute video presentation.
Torbert, J.L., T. Probert, and J.A. Burger. 1991. A reforestation case study on a reclaimed Appalachian mine soil in West Virginia . In: Proceedings of the Eighth National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation. Durango, Colorado.
Burger, J.A., and J.L. Torbert. 1990. Mined land reclamation for wood production in the Appalachian region. p. 159 - 163, In: Proceedings, 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition. Charleston, West Virginia. National meeting to the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation.
Probert, Timothy, R. Gallimore, J.L. Torbert, and J.A. Burger. 1990. Results of eastern white pine establishment study in southern West Virginia after four years. p. 299 - 305, In: Proceedings, 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition. Charleston, West Virginia. National meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation.
Schoenholtz, Stephen, J.A. Burger, and R.E. Kreh. 1990. Influence of reforestation reclamation treatments on nitrogen dynamics in minesoils. p. 279 - 286, In: Proceedings, 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition. Charleston, West Virginia. National meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation.
Torbert, J.L., and J.A. Burger. 1990. Guidelines for establishing productive forest land on reclaimed surface mines in the central Appalachians. p. 273 - 278, In: Proceedings, 1990 Mining and Reclamation Conference and Exhibition. Charleston, West Virginia. National meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation.
Torbert, J.L., and J.A. Burger. 1990. Tree survival and growth on graded and ungraded minesoil. Tree Planters Notes 41(2):3-5.
Torbert, J.L., J.A. Burger, and W.L. Daniels. 1990. Pine growth variation associated with overburden rock type on a reclaimed surface mine in Virginia. Journal of Environmental Quality 19(1):88-92.
Torbert, J.L., and J.E. Johnson. 1990. Guidelines for establishing Paulownia tomentosa on reclaimed mine soils. Virginia Cooperative Extension publication 460-118.
Torbert, J.L., T. Probert, J.A. Burger, and R. Gallimore. 1990. Creating productive forests on surface mined land. Green Lands. Spring 1990. p. 28-31.
Moss, Stuart, J. Burger, and W.L. Daniels. 1989. Pitch X loblolly pine growth in organically amended mine soils. J. Env. Quality 18:110-115.
Klemp, M.T. 1988. Five-year Fertilizer and Ground Cover Effects on Surface Mined Soils and Pine Growth. M.S. Thesis, Department of Forestry.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, and W. L. Daniels. 1988. Minesoil Factors Influencing the Productivity of New Forests on Reclaimed Surface Mines in Southwestern Virginia. pp. 63-67. In: Proceedings, National Meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation. U.S. Bureau of Mines Circular 9184, Volume 1.
Torbert, J.L., A.R. Tuladhar, J.A. Burger, and J.C. Bell. 1988. Minesoil property effects on the height of ten-year -old white pine . Journal of Environmental Quality 17(2):189-192.
Schoenholtz, S. H., J. A. Burger, and J. L. Torbert. 1987. Natural mycorrhizal colonization of pines on reclaimed surface mines in Virginia. Journal of Environmental Quality 16(2)143-146.
Klemp, M. T., J. L. Torbert, J. A. Burger, and S. H. Schoenholtz. 1986. The effect of fertilization and chemical weed control on the growth of three pine species on an abandoned bench and return-to-contour site in southwestern Virginia. p. 77-82. In: D. H. Graves (ed). Proceedings 1986 Symposium on Mining, Hydrology, Sedimentology, and Reclamation. Univ. of KY, Lexington, KY. UKY BU142.
Moss, S. A. 1986. Nitrogen Availability and Pine Seedling Growth in Organically-Amended Mine Soils. M.S. Thesis, Forestry.
Schoenholtz, S. H., J. L. Torbert, and J. A. Burger. 1986. Factors affecting seedling ectomycorrhizae on reclaimed surface mines in Virginia. p. 89-93. In: Proceedings 1986 Symposium on Mining, Hydrology, Sedimentology, and Reclamation. Univ. of KY, Lexington, KY. UKY BU142.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, and W. L. Daniels. 1986 . Effect of overburden type and Pisolithus tinctorius on the growth of pines on a reclaimed surface mine. In: Proceedings, Better Reclamation with Trees Symposium.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, and W. L. Daniels. 1986. The importance of overburden selection for reforestation of mine spoils . Virginia Cooperative Extension publication 460-111.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, W. L. Daniels, and A. B. Hairston. 1986. Effect of surface mining overburden rock type on pine growth after three years. Agronomy Abstracts 78:268.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, and R. E. Kreh. 1986. Nutrient concentration effects on Pisolithus tinctorius development on containerized loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. Tree Planters' Notes 37:17-22.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, and T. J. Nichols. 1986. Reforestation seed mixtures for hydroseeding reclaimed mined land. Virginia Cooperative Extension publication 460-112.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, and R. E. Preve. 1986. The effect of ground cover species and nitrogen fertilizer rate on the successful establishment of hydroseeded trees. p. 83-88. In: Proceedings 1986 Symposium in Mining, Hydrology, Sedimentology, and Reclamation. Office of Engineering Services, Univ. of KY, Lexington, KY. UKY BU142.
Tuladhar, A. R. 1986. Mine Soil Properties Influencing White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Growth in Southwest Virginia. M.S. Thesis, Forestry.
Moss, S. A., J. A. Burger, and W. L. Daniels. 1985. The effects of organic amendments on nitrogen availability. p. 94-103. In: C. A. Kolar (ed). Proceedings, Better Reclamation with Trees Symposium.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, and W. L. Daniels. 1985. Effect of overburden type and organic amendments on the growth of pines on a reclaimed surface mine. p. 369-374. In: E. Shoulders (ed). Proceedings of the Third Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. U.S.D.A. For. Ser. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-54.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, J. N. Lien, and S. H. Schoenholtz. 1985. Results of a tree species trial on a recontoured surface mine in southwestern Virginia. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9:150-153.
Tuladhar, A. R., J. A. Burger, R. E. Adams, and J. L. Torbert. 1985. Identification of mine soil properties influencing white pine (Pinus strobus L.) growth. p. 24-30. In: C.A. Kolar (ed). Proceedings, Better Reclamation with Trees Conference.
Preve, R. E., J. A. Burger, and R. E. Kreh. 1984. The influence of mine-spoil type, fertilizer, and mycorrhizae on pines seeded in greenhouse trays. Journal of Environmental Quality 13:387-391.
Schoenholtz, S. H., and J. A. Burger. 1984. Influence of cultural treatments on survival and growth of pines on strip-mined sites. Reclamation and Revegetation Research 3:223-237.
Torbert, J. L., J. A. Burger, and M. C. Vodak. 1984. Establishing bare root pine seedlings on reclaimed surface mines in southwest Virginia. Virginia Cooperative Extension publication 460-104.
Burger, J. A., S. H. Schoenholtz, R. E. Preve, and J. L. Torbert. 1983. Research progress on the use of forest regeneration techniques for surface-mine reclamation in southwestern Virginia. p. 171-179. In: P.E. Pope (ed). Better Reclamation with Trees. Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN.
Schoenholtz. S. H. 1983. Survival and Growth of Pine Seedlings on Strip-Mined Sites. M.S. Thesis, Forestry.
Schoenholtz, S. H., and J. A. Burger. 1983. First year survival and growth of containerized pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings on strip mined lands as affected by cultural treatments and edaphic factors. p. 134-140. In: E. P. Jones, Jr. (ed). Proceedings of the Second Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. U.S.D.A. For. Ser. Gen Tech. Rep. SE-24.
Preve, R. E. 1983. Hydroseeding Pine-Grass-Legume Mixture for Erosion Control and Reforestation of Mine Spoils. M.S. Thesis, Forestry.